The Movie Exhibition Industry

Deliverable 1 The Motion Picture Industry Value Chain Could the movie business increase the value of their creations on the off chance that they focused on just one endeavor? The greater part of the dispersion in the market is finished by the divisions of significant studios. The studio’s speculations range across different significant fields and this makes the administration of the venture an incredible test. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on The Movie Exhibition Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the studio’s focused distinctly on film creation, the nature of their creations would increment. They would station every one of their energies into making new film thoughts and this would engage their intended interest group. The Business of Exhibition Could film exhibitors find different methods of increasing the value of the client while picking up income? The majority of the benefits made by exhibitors are from the offer of concessions. The food served at the films has bit by bit expanded in cost yet the quality has continued as before. On the off chance that film exhibitors broadened their food alternatives and joined liquor in their beverages choices, their high food costs would be legitimized and the client base would be expanded on the off chance that they included food choices for vegans. The Theater Experience Now that individuals can watch motion pictures in their own home, what can film exhibitors do now to pick up that upper hand over home theater frameworks and offer clients something that their home theater framework can't? So as to remain in business, the auditoriums can open littler branches nearer to the living regions with the goal that the individuals don't need to experience lengthy drives to get to the films. They ought to be put around shopping centers where many individuals visit for necessities like food. This would draw in clients who had gone to the shopping center for different reasons and have the opportunity to save. Bringing the Exhibition Curtain up in 2011 and Beyond How would exhibitors be able to guarantee that they hold their clients with the current monetary downturn? The exhibitors are cheating the clients and this has decreased the quantity of individuals ready to go out to see the films. The exhibitors ought to be kind when they set their cost. The clients comprehend a little value climb because of downturn yet outrageous value climbs as have been seen, are influencing the quantity of individuals going for motion pictures. Deliverable 2 Is the absence of rivalry from new financial specialists making these organizations convey low standard administrations? What amount more do the exhibitors need to do so as to keep up the performance center experience do they have to move to a totally unique sort of administration that no other amusement scene can offer at that equivalent cost? By what method can the auditoriums endure the hard financial occasi ons while ticket costs are rising, the quantity of individuals heading out to motion pictures is dropping, and the quantities of theaters are expanding? Deliverable 3 The film business is by all accounts lacking rivalry from new speculators. On the off chance that there were more studios creating motion pictures, there would be more thoughts being made into various films. This would draw in more film goers. Correspondingly, if more organizations put resources into display, the opposition would drive the exhibitors offer better administrations. For exhibitors to make an extraordinary encounter for film goers they can improve the food they sell and more food choices profited. The individuals working at the motion pictures ought to likewise be obliging to the clients and treat them well. For theaters to even now make a benefit without overpricing the tickets, they could diminish the quantity of staff they have by presenting mechanized ticket deal point and drink purchasing focuses. The y could save money on the laborers pay rates and still run a productive and effective business.Advertising Looking for exposition on workmanship and structure? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exposition on The Movie Exhibition Industry was composed and put together by client Malaysia Alvarez to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Africa and Colonialism Essays

Africa and Colonialism Essays Africa and Colonialism Paper Africa and Colonialism Paper At the point when we take a gander at Africa for that recent years small observe Genocide in Rwanda and Darfur ,flimsiness in Sierra Leone, absence of an administration in Somalia, Civil War in Sudan , land snatching and AIDS in Zimbabwe, Diamond and Oil wars in Angola, Crime in South Africa. . Also the issues brought about by outside obligation, and influenced by worldwide obliviousness and misuse. In this paper I will attempt to you asses the political monetary inheritance of imperialism in Africa. he heritage is considerably founded on the way that that the Europeans needed to separate assets from Africans using any and all means conceivable, regardless of whether that would prompt the unsteadiness in and pulverization of the substance political, monetary, and social foundations up to right now. The most pivotal financial heritage that expansionism left on Africa’s economy was the incorporation of the African economy into the world monetary framework. n the Conference of Be rlin in 1884-85, europians set up the standards by which Africa would be involed on the planet economy ,these principles constrained africa to deliver crude materials and farming merchandise to address the issues of Europes businesses and purchasers. what came about is that customary agrarian economies had to work in real money crops implied for send out. This change prompted reliance on remote circulation and utilization. So there framework carried all the financial advantage to the Europeans to the detriment of their provinces by making them subject to the europian seystem. Presedent Munro, for instance, contends that coordination into the universal economy was the key factor that exacerbated pioneer conditions; He said â€Å"Being ill-equipped to contend in the worldwide market, the combination of these new states into the world economy simply extended their frontier dependency† This effect of expansionism affected both the inside and outside reasons for underdevelopment in africa today . Inside, the political and monetary structures of the provincial state were bult to address the issues of the europians ,which left africans with no abilitilty to create after the fall of the english realm domains. What's more, Externally, imperialism made conditions that african states looked after the fall of formal provincial control, I state formal pioneer control in light of the fact that many state that africa currently is living in a phase of neo-clonolism since their substanstilly depend till now on numerous europians nations. Along these lines, in the event that we make a stride back and investigate africa we see that all parts of current social and monetary life in Africa are an immediate or backhanded consequence of colonialsm Its essential to maention that a great deal of African countrys economies rely completely upon one single fare. The coordination of the these economies to the world market made these nations completely subject to the world cost of its single fare. Abid Rashed in his paper â€Å"The Enduring Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism on Africa â€Å" said â€Å"if the world gracefully of copper were to twofold due to new stores in Brazil or Chile; the blast in Katanga and Zambia would immediately reach a conclusion. So also, the thriving or neediness of Ghanaian ranchers relied legitimately upon the cost of cocoa on the world market†. And furthermore, a large number of the African nations produce a similar fare, escpicially in the farming nations in east Africa and West Africa, so colonialsm constrained them into a monetary framework that depends on rivalry while they don’t can contend with one another. Africa, because of all that, turned out to be so frail to the high points and low points of the world market Also, imperialism made African economies end their dependence on neighborhood fabricating in . Most fabricates currnely are constrained by global companies, and a great deal of African nations are inviting these partnerships increasingly more since they need to get a portion of the redistributing that these company are engaged with, in places like India and China, to produce their products economically. The involment of global enterprises in Africa may bring some cash and restore the economy to a limited degree, however it additionally increments africa’s reliance on these partnerships and their producat. These organizations are making the period of Europeans neo-expansionism in Africa . to the current day, most African nations get their merchandise from the europians that colonized thri nation previously and depend on these products to keep enduring ; which make you feel that nothing peobably changed aside from that the immediate control of europians and the physical nearness of their kin Colonialism caused Africa to get caught in a framework where they will lose constantly , as long as they cannot manufactoer their products locally without relying upon the Europeans. It would be exceptionally hard to get out from the world economy on account of there reliance on imports from europians (vehicles, machines, food) this dependence fro endurance was inconceivable in pre-frontier Africa. Starvations, for instance didn't exist in pre-frontier Afrca, which gives you a detected of the immense negative effect that the europians had. ). The importation of vehicles, machines, food-which was unfathomable in pre-pioneer Africa is required for every day endurance. There were no starvations in Africa before expansionism Additionally, the manners by which the local economies of African states are organized is likewise shows impact of expansionism on Africa For instance, imperialism expanded trade and the cash economy into the inside of Africa. This procedure prompted the creation a typical cash which constrained bargain trade â€Å"To exchange products or administrations without the trading of money†, which are a portion of the fundamental segments of pre-frontier African economies. 5 likewise, the commercialization of land, work and produce o joined cash to exercises that had been for social use previously. In pre-pilgrim Africa workers and ranchers would deliver for there own utilization and perhaps a little to exchange for certain merchandise yet cultivating was for resource, there was no origination of creation for the worldwide market. Nobody possessed the land in pre-frontier Africa; ranchers had use rights over the land yet couldn't sell the land One significant monetary advantage was the arrangement of framework of streets, railroads, harbors and ports, the message and phone. The fundamental framework of each cutting edge African state was finished during its provincial period. Governmental issues Pre-pioneer Africa had an enormous number of autonomous states. A portion of these states were enormous and incredible; others were little land debilitate. At the point when the Europeans wrapped up their lines of parcel, these states had been consolidated into around 50 bits of region. This (scramble) occurred at the Berlin gathering was drawn with no consideration or care or thought of the ethno social, geological and natural real factors of Africa. Africa had diverse ethnic gatherings (clans) with various authentic customs, societies and communicating in various dialects. This demolished the political advancement of these social gatherings; moreover, ethnic gatherings were part into pieces in various nations for instance the Ewes ere separated by the limit among Ghana and Togo while akan are found in the ivory coast and in Ghana. The Senufo presently live in Mali, the Ivory Coast and in Burkina Faso. This clarifies the outskirt questions between Burkina Faso and Mali ect. Nigeria under pioneer rule brought in excess of a hundred ethnic gatherings into the frontier circle. This pioneer circle incorporated the theocracies of Northern Nigeria, the Chiefdoms of the Yoruba, Edo, and Itskiri, in the South, and the Ibo and Ibibio, in the East The scramble likewise prompted the lopsided sizes of and inconsistent appropriation of characteristic assets in African states. Some got a ton of advantage like Nigeria with an approximated zone of 357,000 square miles, while Gambia with an approximated zone of 4000 square miles. A few states have hardly any visitors e. . Gambia with one guest whiles others had numerous visitors e. g. Mali with seven visitors. This makes it hard to check the issues of security and sneaking. This plainly would prompt numerous issues. Ethnic issues, financial issues, and debasement â€Å"We must recall that the European understandings that had cut up Africa into states gave little consideration to social and ethnic limits and ethnic gath erings had little chance or need to frame political coalitions or facilities under severe provincial standard. Consider nations, for example, Canada, which has been going after for many years with blended accomplishment to suit just two phonetic gatherings - English and French - and you get a thought of the issues of African states with far more noteworthy social and semantic divisions. † Africa positively has multiple dialects and in excess of hardly any ethnic gatherings Also, to comprehend the political heritage we have to comprehend that numerous European nations like the British didn't have any objectives of absorbing Africans to thrir culture or giving them citzinship. It was a simply financial arrangement concentrated on keeping up steadiness and getting cash and assets out of africa . To do that the brits partitioned settlements along social, social, or ethnic lines and kept up control by playing these gatherings against one another. With this framework , the requirement for direct government intercession from the British government was less normal. This functioned admirably for the British government, in that it was less expensive to place select local people in control instead of import European civil servants. Furthermore, it likewise forestalled any compelling difficulties to the pilgrim power To all the more likely comprehend the effect of that scarmbel on africa Consider the degree to which the Second World War of only 6 years term has affected the created world for 2 ages. Africa had 4 centuries of expansionism. At the point when you g

The ultimate 7 tips for re-sitting your exams

The ultimate 7 tips for re-sitting your exams The ultimate 7 tips for re-sitting your exams Re-sitting an exam can present a number of unique challenges, but with careful planning, you can sail through easily and painlessly. Like any other area of academic success, strategy is key. It helps to understand a little about how exams are most often structured. The majority of instructors, knowingly or unknowingly, tier the responses so that grades are distributed properly. Thus, an ideal exam and one nearly impossible to make will have enough questions to ensure that not everyone does badly, nor does everyone do incredibly well. Even essay questions are typically structured in such a way that an average can be met. Now, there are many reasons why an exam may need to be re-sat: maybe personal circumstances prevented you etc. In any case, the biggest issue to consider is how much time has passed between the course, the first exam, and the re-sit. Is it a few weeks? A full term? The following pieces of advice will likely help you better strategise your preparations. 1. Don’t assume the questions will be the same Probably the biggest error you could make is assuming that the questions you will be given will be the same as the previous exam. Even where you may not have taken the exam, an instructor will likely assume that you know someone from the class who might inform. They will most certainly make a unique exam that somehow covers the same material but is not the same exam. 2. Don’t assume the questions will be different However, just because the exam is likely to be different does not mean an old exam or a friend’s knowledge of the exam is unhelpful. Remember that there is usually a core of information that should carry you to at least an average mark. Very likely, that old exam has this core of information to help you get started. One caution, however: if you are getting information for an exam from a friend that took it, but you did not, keep in mind that their memory can be fallible and their need to perform well not as great as yours. 3. Know the format One aspect of sitting or re-sitting any exam is to know the format. Most instructors do not have any issue with telling students the format of the exam; whether it is multiple choice, fill in the blank, short answer, or essay. If you do not know, you should not have any reservations asking your instructor. But pressing to know anything more will be frowned on. 4. Make your own exam One of the most tried and true ways of preparing for an exam is to make the exam for yourself. Using your most recent exam as a model, try to find ways to make questions that are more difficult and challenging than the ones you already know. Think: what would a cruel and sadistic instructor ask on this exam? This is an excellent way to prepare yourself. 5. Find old exams Depending on the subject area there are often old exams from courses past available through the university. And if they are not, you can sometimes petition your instructor or their department to provide you with copies of old exams. This is a great way to study because seeing multiple exams can allow you an opportunity to spot trends and identify common themes across semesters. It is also worth noting that professors very often use old exams to give them ideas for their own. 6. Find other sources for exams The Internet can also be a good source of material for exams and exam questions. When it comes to potential theme based essay type questions, a really big help can be reading other student’s essays. There is an abundance of online content where university students have posted their own essays on topics online. This can allow you opportunities to shape a position or develop a line of argumentation well before you sit down. If, for instance, you know you have an essay exam on Shakespeare’s Hamlet, reading other essays about Hamlet alongside reading Hamlet is really going to help. And if you have more specific details, you can request model exam answers to be prepared for you through an online service. This can also further help you develop a line of argumentation and development well in advance of the exam. These, in fact, have the advantage of being original content and can thus provide fresh ideas that can set your exam apart. 7. Plan ahead Whatever line of attack you choose the one thing that you must do is plan ahead. More than likely you will know a reasonable time in advance that an exam will need to be re-sat and when that will be. It takes a long time to prepare properly, to gather materials as we have suggested above, or make exams for yourself. You do not want to wait too long, so start as soon as possible. Good luck. Revise the smart way with our model exam answers With our model exam answer service, an expert academic specialised in your subject area will provide you with a model answer to the questions that keep coming up. You can take this answer away, study it and build on it so that come exam day, you're prepared for the most likely questions. Find out more You may also like... 5 reasons you need your work edited by an academic Understanding feedback from your essay marker Marking: from a marker’s perspective exam resitsexam seasonexaminationsexamsresitsresitting examsstudent lifestudy skillsstudyinguniversity

A National Debt Is The Difference Between The Government...

In the simply way, a national debt is the difference between the government’s budget/deficit and the expenditures. The U.S. federal debt was set up by the first Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton. Our initial debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War. Over the following 45 years, the debt grew. Although, the national debt actually shrank to zero by January 1835, under President Andrew Jackson, it quickly grew into the millions again, soon after. The American Civil War resulted in dramatic debt growth. The debt was just $65 million in 1860, but passed $1 billion in 1863 and had reached $2.7 billion following the war (USGovernmentSpending.Com). At the beginning of the 20th century, the total government debt was â€Å"equally†¦show more content†¦Next, President Bush increased the national debt further to fight the war on terror and bail out the banks. In summary, between 1980 and 1990, the debt more than tripled. The debt shrank briefly after the end of t he Cold War, but by the end of 2008, the gross national debt had reached $10.3 trillion, about 10 times its 1980 level (USGovernmentSpending.Com). There has been continues increase in U.S. national debt in the 21 century. In recent years there has been a debt ceiling in effect. Whereas Congress once approved legislation for every debt issuance, the growth of government fiscal operations in the 20th century made this impractical. The Treasury was granted authority by the Congress to issue such debt as was needed to fund government operations as long as the total debt did not exceed a stated ceiling. The ceiling is routinely raised by passage of new laws by the United States Congress. In recent years, that national debt is a fact of life. Based on the government statistic data, the U.S. debt has surpassed 100 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), and â€Å"public debt may approach 190% of GDP by 2035† (Driver and Matthew 2). During the last 15 years we experienced a massive increase of the debt. There are several factors that lined up to cause this situation. One of the biggest issues is the overburdened Social Security system. Due to increasing number of retirees and longer life spans leading to more benefits payments, and decreasing

Courtly Love and Mediieval Romance - 7340 Words

Introduction The familiarity with the love tradition makes it easily mistakable for a natural and universal phenomenon and even brings a laxity of enquiring into its origins. However, it is difficult of not impossible to show love to be anything more than an artistic phenomenon or construct- a literary per formative innovation of Middle Ages. Courtly love was a medieval European formation of nobly, and politely expressing love and admiration. Courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility. (Simpson). The term courtly love was first popularized by Gaston Paris in 1883. It has since come under a wide variety of definitions and uses, even being brushed off as nineteenth-century romantic fiction. Its understanding, beginning,†¦show more content†¦In essence, courtly love was an experience between erotic desire and spiritual attainment that now seems contradictory as a love at once illicit and morally inspiring, passionate and disciplined, mortifying and exalting, human and inspirational (Newman). History Many scholars who have believed that courtly love was a historical development rely on historical literature. Courtly love is believed to have begun in southern France in the ducal princely courts of Aquitaine, Provence, and Champagne, ducal Burgundy and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, a sufficiently peaceful yet isolated region, that was perfect to birth and develop such a movement from around the time of the First Crusade in 1099. In fact, many literary giants (Avignon, Toulouse, Nimes under the domaine of Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine) retreated in this region. In addition, the leisure class, the wealthy, and the self-sufficient society discovered a new craze in this area. The areas courts attracted intellectuals from all over, as the South was more liberal and pluralistic, with Arabs, Jews and Byzantines being among the residents of the area. Perhaps, even the men outnumbered the women in South France. Eleanor of Aquitaine brought the ideals of courtly love from Aquitaine to the court of France then to England where she was a queen to two kings. Her daughter Marie, who was the Countess of Champagne, introduced courtly love to the Count of

Management Organizational Behavior Study Guide Free Essays

string(28) " Person is responsible FOR\." MGT 341 Exam II Study Guide 1. Power (Article and Book) a. Meaning of Power – â€Å"The ability to influence various outcomes: or The ability to â€Å"make things happen† or â€Å"get things done† i. We will write a custom essay sample on Management: Organizational Behavior Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Individuals/Groups are presumed to have power based on the following factors: * Ability to cope with Uncertainty * Substitutability – the lower the substitutability the greater the power. * Organizational Centrality – the more central a person/group is to an organization; the greater the power. Role and Task Interdependence – if the activities of a person/group depend on the activities of another person/group - the latter is considered to have greater control or power. b. Relationship of Power to Authority – Power and Authority are closely related to the concept of leadership. ii. Authority – Situations in which a person/group has been formally granted a leadership position. iii. Legitimate Power – formerly sanctioned by organization (Contractual) or informally supported by individual/group (Consensual). iv. Executive / Managerial Power – directed towards creating and maintaining an active organization – ideal of transforming the organization to it’s highest potential. c. Appointed vs. Emergent Leaders (Formal vs. Informal) d. Types of Power: Yellow = Position Power Red = Personal Power Positional Power – Organization * Appointed leaders / formal power – **Most Common Form of Power** * Easily controlled by the organization. * Attributed to the Position rather than the individual. * Appointed from upper level management. 1. Reward Power – The extent to which a person controls rewards another person values (Can give people things they want; satisfy needs). 2. Legitimate Power – Power granted by virtue of one’s position. 3. Coercive Power – The extent to which a person can punish or physically/psychologically harm someone else (do bad things to a person). Personal Power – Personal/Individual – Emergent (i. e. as the individual becomes acclimated to the environment they may â€Å"emerge† professionally or when there is a group that does not have an apparent leader figure, one will â€Å"emerge† naturally. Attributed to the Individual rather than the organization. * Not easily influenced by the organization. * Influence is â€Å"earned† or gained after â€Å"proving ones self. † Expert Power – The extent to which a person controls rewards another person values. (Can give people things they want; satisfy needs). 1. Referent Power â €“ Exists when one person wants to be like someone else r imitates someone else. (based on admiration and respect). e. Situational Variables that can provide power. v. Ability to cope with uncertainty vi. Substitutability – The extent to which someone else in the organization can â€Å"Substitute† for someone else. (The lower the substitutability the greater the power). vii. Organizational Centrality – the more central a person is to the task or processes of the organization, the greater the power. viii. Role and Take Interdependence – If the activities of a person or group are dependent on that of another person/group the latter has the power. f. Leadership Motive Syndrome – The need for power must be greater than the need for affiliation. Must refrain from being perceived as Impulsive, Coercive, or Manipulative. g. Acceptance Theory – manager’s authority is derived from subordinates’ acceptance, instead of the hierarchical power structure of the organization h. Power Gap – Difference between formal positional power granted and the actual power required to accomplish goals. ix. How to â€Å"Fill the Gap† * Acquiring Information Ideas * Assess Who has Power * Good Relationships * Interpersonal Skills * Networks (power building tool) * Create Valued Agendas Image Track Record 2. Leadership: i. Trait Approaches: x. Focus –Early approaches focused on those personal characteristics and attributes- physical, mental, and cultural. The research is often termed the â€Å"Great Person† theory of leadership (it was assumed leaders were different from average people based on personality and physical characteristics) â€Å"leaders are born, not made†. 5 personal characteris tics seemed related to effective leadership: intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, high levels of energy and activity, and task-relevant knowledge. i. Problems – Relationship between these characteristics and evidence of effective leadership is not particularly strong. In the case of each characteristic, there have been significant studies that have either not shown any relationship with effective leadership or found a negative relationship. Thus, provides an incomplete picture of leadership xii. Reemergence of Interest – reemerged as a promising research area, especially in terms of examining specific traits related to the effectiveness/success in different organizational settings. Studies from the 80’s and 90’s suggest there are a number of traits that do contribute to effective leadership: Drive, leadership motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, resonance, cognitive ability and knowledge of the business. Alone, these do not guarantee leadership success, but they can help for success. xiii. Key Dimensions for â€Å"Magic† or Charismatic Leadership – 3 key dimensions are envisioning, energizing and enabling. â€Å"Natural Leaders†, energize-inspire, envisioning-create communicate image, enabling- enable other people * Linking to Results – Finding the correct quality that gives you positive results. The results should be balanced, strategic, lasting, and selfless. This link between attributes and results enriches our understanding of the relationship between leader traits and leadership effectiveness j. Behavioral Approaches: Focused on the various behavioral patterns or styles used by different leaders and the functions fulfilled by these individuals. xiv. Democratic – Leading through group input and decision making. xv. Autocratic – Leading by command xvi. Laissez-faire-Leading through minimal participation by the leader and allowance of total group freedom xvii. University of Michigan Studies – Research into behavioral aspects of leadership. Were concerned with two different leader orientations: one toward employees and the other toward production. The results suggested that a strong orientation to production resembled the autocratic leadership style, while a strong employee orientation was indicative of the democratic leadership style. xviii. *Ohio State Studies – Similar to Michigan studies. Two basic factors derived: initiating structure and consideration for others. See pages 214-215 xix. *Managerial Grid Concern for people and production, uses 5 sections on grid, want managers to be a 9,9. Most popular Concern for People Concern for People Concern for Results (1,1) = LCP LCR, (1,9) = HFP LCR, (9,9) = HCP HCR, (9,1) = HCR LCP. 1,9| | 9,9| | 5,5| | | | | 1,1| | 9,1| * Based on a â€Å"Concern for People† â€Å" Concern for Production† * Includes Motivation xx. Likert’s Linking Pin System 4 ideas Likert found that the Traditional View of management (close supervision/high structure) only PARTLY explained the roles of managers. * Believed that managers are members of (2) different workgroups 1. Person is responsible FOR. You read "Management: Organizational Behavior Study Guide" in category "Essay examples" Subordinates 2. Person is responsible TO (Traditional View of Supervision). Leaders * Power comes from the ability to excerpt power Upward and Lateral (Peer Managers) * (2) Elements must be looked at: i. Task Compon ent ii. Human Component * Approach consists of Integrated Workgroups. * Managers are members of multiple Workgroups. xi. System 4- (participative)- supervisors trust their subordinates and goal setting and decision making are collaborative activities. k. Contingency Approaches – This perspective suggests that there is no â€Å"one best way† to lead in all situations; rather, the most effective style of leadership is contingent or dependent on the situation. Contingency theories combine the trait approach and the behavioral /functional theories to suggest the most effective leaders are those individuals who can adapt their styles to the demands of a situation, group, or values xxii. Situational Leadership – (Life-Cycle Theory of Leadership) pg 225 xxiii. Path-Goal Model – The leader affects subordinates’ performance by clarifying the behaviors (paths) that will lead to desired rewards (goals). Types of leader behaviors: directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented. Situational factor which influence how leader behavior relates to subordinate satisfaction: personal characteristics of the subordinates, characteristics of environment. xxiv. Vroom-Yetton Leadership-Participation Model – pg 227 xxv. Executive Coaching – Private meeting to discuss and work on personal learning and development issues. Feedback coaching (consultant)- giving feedback and assisting person in developing an action plan to address need or problems that are observed (360 feedback; 1-6 months, not too intensive) In-depth coaching (counselor)- closer, intimate relationship, multiple assessments and discussion extensively used to develop interpersonal skills, etc. 6-12 months+) Content coaching (tutor)- provide leader with knowledge and skills for specific area (IT, acquisitions, globalization, etc. ; time varies, but relatively short) l. 4. Substitutes for Leadership – Leadership substitutes: individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader’s ability to affect subordinates satisfactions and performance. Leadership neutralizers: factors that render ineffective leaders attempts to engage in various leadership behaviors. m. Empowerment – Emphasizes a move away from leader dominance and expert problem solving to a system where organizational members, as the new experts, are continuously involved in organizational decision processes. Tannenbaum Schmidt Leader Continuum pg 236. Keys to empowerment: 1- important for employees to have information on organizational performance and outcomes. 2-individuals must be rewarded for their contributions to organization performance. 3-team members must be provided with knowledge/skills that enables them to understand and contribute to performance. -individuals must be given the power to make to make decisions that influence work procedures and organizational direction. n. Transactional vs. Transformational Leadership. Transactional Leader- Leader-follower relation one of exchange; narrow view; supervision and â€Å"normal† leaders (managers) Transformational Leader(charismatic)- Visionary, inspirational figure; ability to articulate communicate vision a nd charisma to energize and motivate people; strong empathy skills and accurate perception of others; â€Å"change† leaders. dark side†- transformational or â€Å"magic† leaders may become captivated by their vision of what’s best and their vision may not be appropriate. Focus on what they want to hear, do not learn easily from those around them and may damage organizational performance. i. e. cults and Hitler. Characteristics of narcissistic leaders- 1. Rely on manipulation and exploitation. 2. Impulsive and unconventional behavior. 3. Excessive impression management. 4. Poor administrative practices. 5. Unable to recognize flawed vision. 6. Fail to plan for succession. These can be quite destructive. o. Gender Issues – Stereotypes, Research Findings, â€Å"Glass Ceiling†, Relation to International Expansion Stereotypes include â€Å"masculine† characteristics are managerial, â€Å"feminine† unmanagerial. Research- Men women with high needs for power tend to have quite similar characteristics Reasons more women not in power leadership positions mostly â€Å"institutional sexism† (glass ceiling) Many components important to international success are â€Å"feminine†- relationship development, communication, social sensitivity (empowerment) p. Categories of Leadership â€Å"Talents† Direction- vision, concepts, focus Drive to Execute- achieve, compete, active, ego drive Relationships- relater, developer, networks, stimulate good feelings, team oriented Management systems- performance orientation, disciplined, arranger, strategic thinker 3. Intragroup Dynamics (ESSAY QUESTIONS) q. Reasons Groups Form- Security and need satisfaction, social need satisfaction, esteem need satisfaction, proximity and attraction, group goals, economic reason. Groups are there for a reason. . Types of Groups – Formal vs. Informal; Heterogeneous Homogeneous Formal- are those that have established task-oriented goals and are explicitly formed as part of the organization- such as work groups, departments, and project teams. Rational, identifiable, exist to serve organization. Informal- are those that emerge over time through the interaction of organizational members. Don’t have formally assigned or stated goals, they do have implied or implicit goals, which are frequently recreational and interpersonal in nature. Formal vs. informal- a rough distinction between these types of groups is that formal groups are represented on an organization chart, while informal (self-enacted) groups are not. Homogeneous- a group whose members have key aspects in common, in terms of either personal (e. g. attitudes, values, goals) or sociodemographic (e. g. education, age, gender, race) characteristics. Heterogeneous- groups are those that differ along significant dimensions. s. Stages of Group Development Forming- group member will find out what they will be doing, the kind of leadership and behaviors that are acceptable, and the range of interpersonal and task relationships that are possible. Typically confusion, caution. Storming- described as the â€Å"shakedown†, where individual styles come into conflict. Characterized by tension, criticism, and confrontation among members. Constructive conflict can occur. Norming- resistance is overcome as the group establishes its rules/roles and standards. Develops intragroup cohesiveness, delineates (outlines) task standards and expectations. This phase is marked by cooperation, collaboration, cohesion, and commitment . Performing- Accomplish tasks. Typical characteristics include challenge, creativity, group consciousness, and consideration among members. Adjourning/reforming- Closure (celebrate, rewards). Group members must either reassess their mission, roles, and processes or prepare for dissolution of the group. t. Group Attributes: xxvi. Individual Group Status- status refers to the level/position of a person in the group or a group in an organization. Status differences. xxvii. Roles – Meaning, Conflict, Ambiguity: Role refers to the various behaviors people expect from a person or a group in a particular position. Role Conflict is playing several roles that elicit certain expectations that often contradict one another. Role Ambiguity refers to when one receives unclear or ambiguous signals about what is expected of us in a particular role. xxviii. Social Identity Theory – how group affects people-:Group membership affects members’ sense of who they are, how they see themselves, how they feel about themselves and how they act in a group, they become what others expect them to be. xix. Norms – What are they; Pivotal vs. Peripheral: are the common standards or ideas that guide member behavior in established groups. Pivotal norms are those that are considered to be particularly important to the group/organization. Peripheral norms in contrast are those that are not as important to group members xxx. Status and Conformity – Re lationships, Expedient vs. Private: Desire to be accepted by the group, making individuals susceptible to conformity effects. They feel pressure to change their attitudes and behaviors to conform to the groups norms or operative standards. Expedient conformity is when a group member expresses attitudes and engages in behaviors that are acceptable to the group, while holding his private beliefs that are at odds with the group. Private acceptance is when an individual’s public and private attitudes and beliefs are compatible with the groups norms.. xxxi. Cohesiveness – What it means, Factors that lead to it, Impact on people, Electronic or Virtual Groups: Cohesiveness refers to the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and the resulting desire to remain in the group. Factors that lead to cohesiveness include mutual attraction amongst group members, similar views, attitudes, likings, performance, and behavior. Impact on people: intergroup conflict pulls members together and encourages cooperation, such conflict may become too powerful leading to intragroup competition that reduces cohesiveness. Electronic or virtual groups can become cohesive xxxii. Group (Org) Commitment – Meaning, Affective vs. Continuance; Free Agents. Group (org) commitment is the relative strength of individual group members feelings of identification with an attachment to a groups goals or tasks. Affective(emotionally attached) commitment means they maintain a relationship because they want to have high levels of group organization comfort and job challenge. Continuance commitment means they maintain a relationship because they have concerns about potential loss of pension, benefits, and a lack of other alternatives. *do it because they have to. xxxiii. Social Loafing – Meaning, How Common, How to deal with it. Reduced efforts of an individual group member when they perform as part of a group compared to individual efforts. â€Å"I wont work hard because someone else in the group will pick up slack†. More common in large groups. To deal with it make sure that group members understand the importance of their assignment as well as the mechanisms for group and individual accountability encouraging active participation . u. Lost Moon Exercise – v. Groupthink – This is a dynamic that diminishes the decision making capability of a group, try’s to minimize conflict and reach a consensus. Symptoms of group think include illusion to invulnerability, collective efforts to rationalize/discount warnings, not questioning the group, stereotyped views of â€Å"enemy† leaders, pressuring members, self-censorship of deviations, illusion of unanimity, self-appointed â€Å"mind-guards†(mind-gaurds withhold information from a group to keep it in tact). How to guard against Everyone be a critical evaluator, somebody play devil’s advocate, be impartial, critical thinking, take time to study external factors. w. Choice-Shift – (group polarization) occurs when the average of the group members post-discussion attitudes tends to be more extreme than average prediscussion attitudes, generally happens when everyone is already leaning in one direction, may become more extreme during virtual groups x. Brainstorming, Nominal Group Delphi Techniques – basically â€Å"How† they operate, Role of Electronic Communications. Brainstorming-trying to expand by getting many different interacting groups and different ideas from each group Nominal group technique: no criticizing no talking to eachother or evaluating. Do evaluation, ask everyone ideas, then rank (top to bottom) confidentially and independently, then mathematically pool them. You are trying to get everyone’s opinion without people criticizing them. Delphi technique: smaller group, completely anonymous (no one knows anybody). Has one mediator. Give them each the problem and they come up with their own answers/ideas and then exchange ideas/answers with everyone else and everybody comments on eachothers ideas. Repeat the process until you come up with a general consensus. 4. Organizational Socialization: y. Meaning – A process of adaption during which entrants learn the values, norms, expectations, and established procedures for assuming a particular role and for becoming an accepted member of the group or organization z. Purpose –For new members it reduces role ambiguity and increases feeling of security since group expectations are clarified. For the group or organization the socialization process creates more behavioral uniformity among its members, thereby developing a basis for understanding and collaboration and reducing potential group conflict. . Stages – What they are; Sequence, What goes on in each? 3 Stages: Anticipatory socialization- can be thought of as preliminary/prepatory stage during which time a person should be provided with realistic view of organizational goals and expectations, what the persons duties/responsibilities are, and the necessary task-related skills and abilities. Entrants can assess the fit between their values and needs of organi zations. Organizational or group encounter- newcomer actually joins the group or organization. Initiation period during which individual needs to balance personal and work-related demands that may conflict with one another, while simultaneously learning new tasks, clarifying role expectations and becoming acquainted with peers. Acquisition of group norms and values- If successfully accomplished, newcomer feels apart of group and becomes accepted |. Effects of Socialization on Performance-a process of adaption during which newcomers learn the values, norms, expectations for assuming a particular role and becoming a member of an organization. It helps the group become more effective. }. Realistic Job Previews- People entering into an organization need to know what to expect with their jobs so they can prepare to cope effectively with work related pressures and demands. ~. Mentoring – Individual and Group Group mentoring- Group influence that emerges from its norms and roles provide a greater sense of phsychological support for newcomers, facilitates their inclusion and sense of belonging. Individual mentoring- Having someone with high regard/respect help coach and guide you and help you out. How to cite Management: Organizational Behavior Study Guide, Essay examples

Theories Of Patriarchy Essays - Gender Studies, Feminist Theory

Theories Of Patriarchy This is an A grade essay Assess the claim that gender inequalities in the domestic and occupational divisions of labour are best understood with reference to the concept of patriarchy. You should illustrate your answer with reference to a range of feminist perspectives. Introduction Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women's subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the women's movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and Patriarchy Although patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities? and clearly existed before it was ever examined by sociologists, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain women's subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994) . The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticised pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labour in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994). They have done this by challenging concepts of gender, the family and the unequal division of labour underpinned by a theory of patriarchy that has come to reveal how it operates to subordinate women and privilege men, often at women's expense. Patriarchy, Structure and Gender Inequality Walby (1990) reveals how patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain the gender inequalities essential for the subordination of women. Crucially for this essay, she shows how it can operate differently in the private and public domain but toward the same end. She identifies patriarchy as having diverse forms of and relationships between its structures in the public and private spheres, and yet still operates in a related fashion. Walby's explanation sees the household and household production as being a key site of women's subordination but acknowledges that the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the concept of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between women's subordination in the private and public arenas by showing that they work equally to achieve this subordination as well as supporting, reflecting and maintaining patriarchy itself. Firstly, Walby points out that the structures of patriarchy differ in their form. The household has a different structure to other institutional forms, e.g., the workplace. This is an important point because if feminist theories of patriarchy are to stand they must show that patriarchy operates to the same end in both the private and public sphere, even if it uses different strategies, otherwise it could not be the main reason for the continuing inequality of women in both the private and public sphere. Walby shows that